6.12

Conclusion

By combining pathology and tissue engineering expertise, organ-on-a-chip-based

in vitro models enable scientists to investigate disease under controlled conditions

and to mimic a variety of human pathological conditions. These in vitro models have

been found to be helpful in bridging the gap between preclinical and clinical trials

during the drug research phase and lowering attrition rates during the drug develop-

ment process. Numerous chip-based in vitro models have been developed previously

for nearly every organ of the body. The application of 3D bioprinting technology for

creation of complex 3D tissue analogues has resulted in new insights into the

microenvironmental role in treatment and cause of disease. This 3D printing tech-

nology, when combined with tissue engineering, enables the formation of effective

models of different tissue/organ dysfunction that can mimic some of the defining

features of human disease. It is also useful for the future improvement of patient-

specific biomarker models for any specific illness, as well as customized drug testing

on these models during drug discovery.

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